《中國環境管理：政策與制度》（Environmental Management in China：Policies and Institutions）以英文形式全面系統總結了中國當代環境管理政策與制度的發展歷程，生動展現真實、立體的中國環境管理全貌，為推動一帶一路綠色發展傳播中國聲音。全書共19章，第1章是環境管理行政管理的演化；第2章闡述了環境管理指導思想的產生和發展；第3章至第16章介紹我國主要環境管理政策與制度的發展歷程、特點及其成效，包括環境規劃制度、環境影響評價制度、三同時制度、排污收費和環境保護稅制度、環境保護目標責任制、排污許可制度、污染集中控制、總量控制制度、公眾參與制度與環境信息公開制度、生態保護紅線制度、區域聯防聯控、生態環境損害賠償制度、清潔生產制度、生態補償制度等；從第17章到第19章，介紹了我國環境保護在大氣、水和土壤方面的重要任務。最后給出了主要法律、法規、條例、措施等的中英文對照表，以供參考。
本書可供高等院校環境專業作為教材使用，還可供從事環境保護、環境管理等領域的科研人員閱讀參考。
吳婧，南開大學環境科學與工程學院，教授。現任南開大學戰略環境評價研究中心副主任，從事環境政策、環境規劃與管理、環境評價方面的教學、培訓與科研工作。兼任南開大學聯合國教科文組織（UNISPAR/UNESCO）環境管理教席秘書，香港中文大學中國環境戰略研究中心，項目主任 。持有中華人民共和國環境影響評價工程師職業資格證書、中華人民共和國法律職業資格證書、清潔生產審核師證書。全國環境損害司法鑒定機構登記評審專家庫（國家庫）專家。主持國家自然科學基金、國家社科基金重點項目子課題等省部級科研項目和國際合作項目10余項。
張一心，男，博士，副教授。長期從事環境保護相關的研究與實踐工作。自2009年起任教于內蒙古大學環境與資源學院，主要講授環境規劃學、環境管理學和環境科學與工程專業英語等課程。擔任國際知名期刊的編輯委員（Environmental Impact Assessment Review）；擔任國際知名期刊審稿人（Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review, Journal of Cleaner Production, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, etc.），中國環境科學學會高級會員，內蒙古自治區標準化專家和內蒙古自治區氣象學會理事。主要研究領域為區域可持續發展、環境規劃與管理和環境評價，已主持、參與省部級科研項目和國際合作項目8項。
Chapter 1 Administration on Environmental Management 1
1.1 The History of the MEE 1
1.2 Structure and Functions of the MEE 3
Chapter 2 Evolution of China’s Environmental Policy 7
2.1 In the 1970s: The Principles of National Environmental Protection 7
2.2 In the 1980s: The Principles of Three-Simultaneity and Three-Unification 8
2.3 In the 1990s: Sustainable Development 9
2.4 In the 2000s: Scientific Outlook on Development 10
2.5 In the 2010s: Ecological Civilization 12
2.6 Concluding Remarks 14
Reference 15
Chapter 3 Environmental Planning 17
3.1 The Development of Environmental Planning 17
3.2 Environmental Protection and the Plan of National Economic and Social Development 21
3.2.1 Environmental Protection During the 6th FYP (1981–1985) 23
3.2.2 Environmental Protection During the 7th FYP (1986–1990) 24
3.2.3 Environmental Protection During the 8th FYP (1991–1995) 25
3.2.4 Environmental Protection During the 9th FYP (1996–2000) 25
3.2.5 Environmental Protection During the 10th FYP (2001–2005) 26
3.2.6 Environmental Protection During the 11th FYP (2006–2010) 28
3.2.7 Environmental Protection During the 12th FYP (2011–2015) 29
3.2.8 Ecological and Environmental Protection During the 13th FYP (2016–2020) 30
3.3 The Coordination and Integration of Multiple Plans 31
References 34
Chapter 4 Environmental Impact Assessment 35
4.1 The Concept and Principles of EIA 35
4.2 The Development of EIA Globally 36
4.3 The Development of EIA in China 37
4.3.1 Initial Phase (1973–1978) 37
4.3.2 Early Implementation Phase (1979–1989) 37
4.3.3 Improvement Phase (1990–2002) 39
4.3.4 Breakthrough Phase (2003–2014) 41
4.3.5 Reform (2015–Date) 42
4.4 The Legal Framework of EIA in China 43
4.5 EIA for Project (Project EIA) 45
4.5.1 Categorization for Project EIA 46
4.5.2 Process for Project EIA 46
4.5.3 Documentation for Project EIA 46
4.5.4 Public Participation in Project EIA 48
4.5.5 Review and Decision on the EIA Documents 49
4.5.6 EIA Follow-up for Construction Project 52
4.6 Regional EIA (REIA) 53
4.7 EIA for Plan (PEIA) 54
4.7.1 Applicable Scope of PEIA 54
4.7.2 Roles and Responsibilities 55
4.7.3 Approaches and Requirements of PEIA 56
4.7.4 Public Participation in PEIA 56
4.7.5 Submission and Review of the PEIA Documents 58
4.7.6 Approval of Plan 58
4.7.7 EIA Follow-up for Plan 58
4.8 Certificate System of EIA Consultancy (Revoked in 2018) 59
4.9 Management of Qualified EIA Practitioners 60
4.10 Prospects of EIA in China 61
References 62
Chapter 5 Three Synchronizations System 63
5.1 The Development of the Three Synchronizations System 63
5.2 The Requirements of the Three Synchronizations System 66
5.2.1 Synchronous Design 66
5.2.2 Synchronous Construction 67
5.2.3 Synchronous Operation 67
5.2.4 Roles and Responsibilities 67
5.2.5 The Violation 68
References 68
Chapter 6 Emissions Charges System and Environmental Protection Tax System 69
6.1 Development of the Emissions Charges System 69
6.2 The Content of the Emissions Charges System 72
6.2.1 The Payer 72
6.2.2 Category and Amount of Pollutant Emission 72
6.2.3 Category of the Emissions Charges 72
6.2.4 Charge Rates 73
6.2.5 Collection and Utilizations of the Emissions Charges 73
6.3 The Environmental Protection Tax System 75
6.3.1 Who Pays the Environmental Protection Tax 80
6.3.2 Items Subject to the Environmental Protection Tax 80
6.3.3 Basis and Rate of the Environmental Protection Tax 82
6.3.4 Preferential Policy 83
6.3.5 Monitoring and Enforcement 83
References 84
Chapter 7 Target Responsibility System of Environmental Protection and Performance Evaluation System 85
7.1 The Formation and Development of the Target Responsibility System of Environmental Protection 85
7.2 Targets of Environmental Protection and Indicators Setting 88
7.3 Target Setting 88
7.4 Performance Evaluation 88
7.5 Shared Responsibility of Ecological and Environmental Protection for Government and Party 90
7.6 The Audit of Natural Resources Assets for Leading Cadres While Leaving Office 92
References 93
Chapter 8 Centralized Pollution Control System 95
8.1 Centralized Heating in Urban Areas 96
8.2 Centralized Pollution Control of Wastewater 97
8.3 Centralized Pollution Control of Municipal Solid Waste 100
8.3.1 Landfill 101
8.3.2 Incineration 101
References 103
Chapter 9 Emission Reporting, Registration and Permit System 105
9.1 The Formation and Development of the Emission Permit System 105
9.2 Implementation Process of the Emission Reporting, Registration, and Permit System 108
9.2.1 Reporting and Registering Pollutant Emission 108
9.2.2 Verifying Pollutant Emission 108
9.2.3 Issuing the Emission Permit 108
9.2.4 Supervision and Management for the Emission Permit 109
9.3 Essentials of the Emission Permit System 109
9.3.1 Who Shall Apply for the Emission Permit 109
9.3.2 An Integrated Emission Permit 109
9.3.3 Procedure to Apply for the Emission Permit 109
9.3.4 Conditions for Obtaining an Emission Permit 110
9.3.5 Evaluate and Determine the Allowable Emission Based on EIA Results 110
9.3.6 Self-reporting and Self-monitoring 110
9.3.7 Information Disclosure and Public Supervision 111
9.3.8 Enforcement and Responsibilities 111
9.4 Pilot Program of Emissions Trading System 113
References 114
Chapter 10 Emissions Cap System 115
10.1 Establishment and Development of the Emissions Cap System 115
10.2 Objective Classifications of Emissions Cap 119
10.2.1 Emissions Cap Based on Environmental Capacity 119
10.2.2 Emissions Cap Based on Environmental Target 119
10.2.3 Emissions Cap Based on Previous Emissions 120
10.2.4 Emissions Cap Based on Cost Benefit Analysis 120
10.3 Pollutants Classification of Emissions Cap 120
10.3.1 Emissions Cap of Water Pollutants 121
10.3.2 Emissions Cap of Air Pollutants 121
10.3.3 Emissions Cap of Pollutants Discharged into the Sea 122
10.4 Measures of Emissions Cap 122
10.4.1 Evaluations on the Emissions Cap System During the 11th FYP 122
10.4.2 Target Setting 124
10.4.3 Verification and Auditing 124
10.5 Final Remarks 125
References 126
Chapter 11 Joint Pollution Prevention and Control 127
11.1 The Need for Joint Air Pollution Prevention and Control 127
11.2 Key Regions and Key Points of Joint Air Pollution Prevention and Control 129
11.3 Key Tasks of Joint Air Pollution Prevention and Control 129
11.3.1 Optimizing the Regional Industrial Structure and Layout 129
11.3.2 Intensifying the Extent of Pollution Prevention and Control on Key Pollutants 130
11.3.3 Promoting the Comprehensive Utilization of Clean Energy 131
11.3.4 Intensifying Pollution Prevention and Control of Motor Vehicles 133
11.3.5 Improving the Regional Air Quality Monitoring System 134
References 135
Chapter 12 Public Participation and Environmental Information Disclosure 137
12.1 Legislative Process of Public Participation in Environmental Management 137
12.2 Channels of Public Participation in Environmental Management 141
12.3 Other Means of Public Participation in Environmental Management 143
12.4 Environmental Information Disclosure 146
References 149
Chapter 13 Restraining Redlines System of Ecological and Environmental Protection 151
13.1 The Initiation and Development 151
13.2 Practices of Redline in Resources and Environment 153
13.2.1 Cultivated Land Redline 153
13.2.2 Water Resource Redline 154
13.2.3 Emission Cap Redline 155
13.3 Framework Design for Redline in Resources and Environment 155
13.3.1 Upper Limit of Resource Consumption (Resource Consumption Cap) 156
13.3.2 Bottom Line of Environmental Quality (Environmental Quality Baseline) 157
13.3.3 Ecological Protection Redline 158
References 158
Chapter 14 Compensation for Environmental Damage 161
14.1 International Experience 162
14.1.1 In the United States 162
14.1.2 In the European Union 163
14.2 Necessity 163
14.3 Related Policies 164
14.3.1 Scope of Application 165
14.3.2 Scope of Compensation 165
14.3.3 Claimant to Compensation 165
References 166
Chapter 15 Cleaner Production 167
15.1 Initiation 168
15.2 Legal System Development 168
15.2.1 The Beginning Stage (1973–1992) 168
15.2.2 The Legalization Stage (1993–2002) 169
15.2.3 The Institutionalization Stage (2003–2005) 170
15.2.4 The Perfection Stage (2006 to Date) 170
15.3 Capacity Building 171
15.3.1 Institution Development 171
15.3.2 Professional Training 174
15.3.3 Guidelines and Standards 175
15.4 Mandatory Cleaner Production Audit 175
15.5 Recommendations for Promoting CP Development in China 177
15.6 Conclusions 179
References 179
Chapter 16 Ecological Compensation 181
16.1 Introduction 181
16.2 Development of ECMs 182
16.3 Financial Sources for ECM in China 184
16.3.1 Financial Transfer Payment 184
16.3.2 Special Funds 186
16.3.3 Resource Taxation System 186
16.3.4 Payments for Ecological Compensation 187
16.4 Major Ecological Engineering Projects in China 188
16.4.1 Three-North Project 188
16.4.2 Natural Forest Protection 189
16.4.3 Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Sources Governance 189
16.4.4 Returning Farmland to Forest/Grassland 189
16.4.5 Returning Rangeland to Forest/Grassland 190
16.5 ECM for Sector 190
16.5.1 ECM for Forest 190
16.5.2 ECM for Coal Mining 194
16.5.3 ECM for Grassland 197
16.6 ECM at Local Level 198
16.6.1 ECM for the Three Rivers Source District, Qinghai Province 198
16.6.2 ECM for Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Province 199
16.6.3 ECM for Nature Reserves, Hainan Province 199
16.6.4 The ECM for Natural Resource Utilization, Sichuan Province 200
16.6.5 The ECM for Watershed Conservation, Yunnan Province 200
16.7 Conclusions 202
References 202
Chapter 17 Air Quality Governance in China 205
17.1 General Features of Air Pollution 205
17.2 Legal Institution and System 206
17.3 Process of Development 209
17.3.1 Phase I: Legal Institution Management for Air Pollution Control on Soot (from 1979 to 1997) 210
17.3.2 Phase II: Exploring Unified Regional Air Pollution Prevention and Control for Emerging Compound Pollution (from 1998 to 2012) 212
17.3.3 Phase III: Integrating Unified Regional Air Pollution Prevention and Control for Compound Pollution (from 2013 to Date) 214
17.4 Evaluations and Prospects 217
References 218
Chapter 18 Water Quality Governance in China 219
18.1 Water Resources in China 219
18.2 Water Pollution in China 221
18.3 Laws and Regulations on Water Pollution Prevention and Control 223
18.4 Water Management in China 225
18.5 Progress 229
References 231
Chapter 19 Land Resources Governance in China 233
19.1 Land Resources in China 233
19.2 Land Resources Protection 235
19.3 Land Resources Degradation and Land Pollution in China 236
19.3.1 Land Degradation 236
19.3.2 Land Pollution 236
19.3.3 Overall Spatial Distribution of Soil Pollution 237
19.3.4 Status Quo of Soil Pollution of Various Types of Land 237
19.4 Laws and Regulations on Land Pollution Prevention and Control 238
19.5 Challenges and Countermeasures 244
19.5.1 Challenges 244
19.5.2 Countermeasures 245
References 249
Comparison Tables 251
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