數字經濟是我國當前發展的重要方向。新型基礎設施旨在為社會經濟發展提供新動力和新能源，是數字經濟發展的基礎。新型基礎設施的創新之處在于，深度融合了物聯網、5G 移動通信、人工智能、大數據、云計算等信息技術的新興領域，作為核心技術共同形成新一代信息基礎設施的有力支撐，可以充分發揮IT技術對數字經濟發展的加速、賦能和催化等作用，通過網絡匯聚和平臺集成等效應，逐步形成新的產業生態體系。建設物聯網新型基礎設施，是我國推動產業優化升級和企業數字化轉型的重要手段。本書共12 章，在闡述我國信息基礎設施的建設發展歷程的基礎上，首先分析了物聯網在新型基礎設施建設中的作用，提出我國物聯網的產業發展現狀與面臨的機遇和挑戰，對物聯網新型基礎設施建設與5G、大數據和人工智能等新興技術的融合及存在的主要問題進行了介紹，并論述了物聯網新型基礎設施建設與工業互聯網和數字孿生之間的關系，最后給出物聯網新型基礎設施建設政策與實施案例。
張暉，工學博士，正高級高級工程師，中國電子技術標準化研究院技術總監，國家物聯網基礎標準工作組原秘書長，國家物聯網發展專家咨詢委員會委員。作為項目負責人牽頭承擔多項“新一代寬帶無線通信網”國家科技重大專項、工信部智能制造和工業互聯網專項及科技部863等重大課題的研究工作。牽頭編寫了國家工信部《物聯網十三五發展規劃》和發改委《關于促進物聯網健康有序發展的指導意見》等多項政策規劃文件。主辦或參與信息技術設備、網絡技術等上百項國家和行業標準的制修訂。曾獲得中國標準創新貢獻獎二等獎、中國電子學會科學技術獎三等獎和軍隊科技進步獎三等獎等獎項。在國內外權威學報和核心期刊發表論文三十余篇，出版《物聯網技術標準化概述》、《大數據環境下的物聯網系統》等專著。
第1 章 從基礎設施建設到新型基礎設施建設···················································.1
1.1 傳統意義上的基礎設施·······················································································.1
1.1.1 基礎設施與基礎設施建設···········································································.1
1.1.2 基礎設施建設的經濟學特征········································································.2
1.2 新型基礎設施的內涵··························································································.4
1.3 新基建相關政策的時間脈絡·················································································.5
1.4 新基建的特點和時代背景····················································································.7
1.5 新基建到底新在何處··························································································.9
1.6 本章小結·········································································································10
第2 章 我國信息基礎設施的建設發展歷程·····················································.11
2.1 新基建與信息基礎設施的關系··············································································11
2.2 國家信息基礎設施的提出····················································································12
2.3 我國信息基礎設施的建設歷程··············································································13
2.4 我國信息基礎設施建設與國際水平的差距·······························································16
2.5 本章小結·········································································································17
第3 章 物聯網在新型基礎設施建設中的作用··················································.18
3.1 物聯網是新基建的核心要素·················································································18
3.2 物聯網建立新基建的能力支撐··············································································19
3.3 物聯網構筑工業互聯網的發展根基········································································21
3.4 物聯網改變數據中心的運營方式···········································································21
3.5 物聯網引領5G 通信的發展方向···········································································23
3.6 物聯網提供人工智能所需要的實時數據··································································25
3.7 物聯網帶來基礎設施安全的全新挑戰·····································································26
3.8 本章小結·········································································································27
第4 章 物聯網產業發展的挑戰與機遇···························································.29
4.1 物聯網概念演化與內涵解析·················································································29
4.1.1 物聯網概念的起源····················································································29
4.1.2 物聯網定義的形成····················································································30
4.2 物聯網產業的發展歷程·······················································································32
4.2.1 射頻識別產業的興起·················································································33
4.2.2 傳感器及智能終端產業的發展·····································································34
4.2.3 網絡通信產業的發展·················································································35
4.2.4 物聯網中的數據處理·················································································36
4.2.5 物聯網云平臺的應用·················································································37
4.3 物聯網系統與大數據技術深度融合········································································38
4.3.1 聯網設備帶來數據量的急劇增長··································································38
4.3.2 物聯網系統中大數據的特征········································································39
4.3.3 物聯網系統專用的大數據處理平臺·······························································40
4.3.4 工業物聯網應用與大數據的融合··································································42
4.4 人工智能時代物聯網面臨的挑戰與機遇··································································44
4.4.1 物聯網發展面臨的主要挑戰········································································44
4.4.2 物聯網將邁入全智能化的新階段··································································46
4.5 本章小結·········································································································49
第5 章 物聯網技術體系架構與參考模型························································.50
5.1 體系架構概述···································································································50
5.2 物聯網的技術體系架構·······················································································52
5.2.1 總體技術體系架構····················································································52
5.2.2 感知技術································································································52
5.2.3 網絡技術································································································53
5.2.4 支撐平臺································································································54
5.2.5 應用技術································································································54
5.2.6 公共技術································································································55
5.3 物聯網系統的概念模型·······················································································57
5.3.1 概念模型的總體構成·················································································57
5.3.2 域的描述及關聯關系·················································································57
5.4 物聯網系統的功能體系架構·················································································59
5.4.1 系統功能實體構成····················································································59
5.4.2 功能實體簡要描述····················································································60
5.4.3 系統部署參考視圖····················································································61
5.5 物聯網系統的通信參考架構·················································································62
5.5.1 通信功能實體構成····················································································62
5.5.2 通信功能實體描述····················································································63
5.5.3 通信網絡參考視圖····················································································64
5.6 物聯網系統的數據參考架構·················································································65
5.6.1 數據功能實體構成····················································································65
5.6.2 數據功能實體描述····················································································66
5.7 物聯網系統的應用體系架構·················································································66
5.7.1 角色、子角色和活動·················································································66
5.7.2 六域模型映射關系····················································································70
5.7.3 物聯網系統應用實例·················································································71
5.8 物聯網系統的安全參考模型·················································································71
5.9 本章小結·········································································································73
第6 章 物聯網數據采集基礎設施構成···························································.74
6.1 數據采集基礎設施概述·······················································································74
6.2 傳感器——從單器件到智能化··············································································77
6.2.1 傳感器相關概念·······················································································77
6.2.2 傳感器的分類··························································································78
6.2.3 傳感器的技術發展····················································································80
6.2.4 傳感器的硬件組成和工作原理·····································································85
6.3 二維條碼——從堆疊式到矩陣式···········································································89
6.3.1 二維條碼相關概念····················································································89
6.3.2 二維條碼的主要技術·················································································91
6.3.3 二維條碼的識別過程·················································································93
6.3.4 二維條碼的主要國際標準···········································································97
6.3.5 二維條碼標準參數比較···········································································.105
6.4 射頻識別——從低頻到超高頻···········································································.108
6.4.1 射頻識別相關概念·················································································.108
6.4.2 射頻識別技術的發展··············································································.110
6.4.3 射頻識別的硬件組成和工作原理·······························································.113
6.5 物聯網感知數據的采集過程··············································································.116
6.5.1 使用傳感器進行數據采集········································································.116
6.5.2 感知數據的傳輸與組網···········································································.118
6.6 物聯網感知數據的融合過程··············································································.121
6.6.1 信息融合的必要性·················································································.121
6.6.2 信息融合概念模型·················································································.123
6.6.3 各級信息融合過程·················································································.124
6.6.4 物聯網系統中的信息融合········································································.133
6.6.5 物聯網信息融合的發展趨勢·····································································.135
6.7 本章小結······································································································.136
第7 章 支撐物聯網應用的5G 通信基礎設施·················································.137
7.1 移動通信技術的發展歷程·················································································.137
7.1.1 第一代移動通信系統（1G） ····································································.137
7.1.2 第二代移動通信系統（2G） ····································································.138
7.1.3 第三代移動通信系統（3G） ····································································.140
7.1.4 第四代移動通信系統（4G） ····································································.141
7.2 5G 的應用需求和發展愿景···············································································.143
7.2.1 物聯網引領5G 的應用需求·····································································.143
7.2.2 物聯網主導5G 的發展愿景·····································································.145
7.2.3 5G 相對4G 的關鍵指標提升····································································.146
7.3 5G 的標準和產業發展·····················································································.148
7.4 5G 的關鍵技術突破························································································.151
7.4.1 基于NFV 和SDN 的網絡架構··································································.152
7.4.2 設備到設備（D2D）通信········································································.155
7.4.3 多輸入多輸出（MIMO） ········································································.159
7.4.4 超密集組網（UDN） ·············································································.163
7.4.5 移動邊緣計算（MEC） ··········································································.167
7.4.6 非正交多址接入（NOMA） ····································································.172
7.4.7 網絡切片（Network Slice） ·····································································.174
7.5 5G 的窄帶蜂窩物聯網技術···············································································.178
7.5.1 窄帶物聯網（NB-IoT） ··········································································.178
7.5.2 增強型機器類型通信（eMTC）································································.181
7.5.3 NB-IoT 與eMTC 的應用互補和選擇競爭····················································.183
7.6 本章小結······································································································.186
第8 章 具有物聯網時代特征的大數據中心···················································.187
8.1 大數據中心的起源和發展·················································································.187
8.1.1 數據中心的起源····················································································.187
8.1.2 大數據中心建設重要性分析·····································································.188
8.1.3 新基建推動大數據中心發展·····································································.189
8.2 物聯網系統中的大數據特征與架構·····································································.192
8.2.1 物聯網大數據特征·················································································.192
8.2.2 物聯網大數據分析平臺邏輯架構·······························································.193
8.3 物聯網系統中的大數據管理··············································································.195
8.3.1 物聯網大數據云平臺的數據處理·······························································.195
8.3.2 物聯網大數據存儲與管理········································································.196
8.3.3 分布式文件系統關鍵技術········································································.198
8.4 大數據中心建設的物聯網應用需求·····································································.201
8.4.1 數據中心建設安全分級標準·····································································.201
8.4.2 數據中心需要控制的物理環境要素····························································.201
8.4.3 基于物聯網的數據中心環境運維方式·························································.203
8.5 本章小結······································································································.209
第9 章 人工智能助推物聯網系統的智能化演進·············································.210
9.1 人工智能的發展歷程·······················································································.210
9.1.1 人工智能的概念內涵··············································································.210
9.1.2 人工智能的技術發展歷程········································································.211
9.1.3 人工智能的特征與技術框架·····································································.213
9.1.4 人工智能涉及的關鍵技術········································································.215
9.2 人工智能技術與物聯網的融合···········································································.218
9.2.1 大數據是人工智能的基石········································································.218
9.2.2 人工智能是物聯網的大腦········································································.219
9.2.3 人工智能技術與物聯網的融合應用····························································.220
9.3 智能物聯網的發展前景展望··············································································.221
9.3.1 協同智能化的物聯網系統········································································.221
9.3.2 服務智能化的物聯網系統········································································.222
9.4 人工智能的典型應用——自動駕駛汽車·······························································.223
9.4.1 自動駕駛汽車的技術現狀········································································.223
9.4.2 自動駕駛汽車的發展趨勢········································································.227
9.5 物聯網的典型應用——智能交通物聯網·······························································.228
9.5.1 從車聯網到智能交通物聯網·····································································.228
9.5.2 智能交通物聯網的應用前景·····································································.229
9.6 智能交通物聯網與自動駕駛汽車的協同·······························································.232
9.6.1 車網知識協同的優勢··············································································.232
9.6.2 車網知識協同體系架構···········································································.232
9.6.3 基于智能交通物聯網環境的自動駕駛汽車發展展望·······································.235
9.7 本章小結······································································································.235
第10 章 基于物聯網底座構建工業互聯網應用··············································.236
10.1 工業互聯網的前世今生··················································································.236
10.1.1 從消費互聯網到產業互聯網···································································.236
10.1.2 工業互聯網的起源與歷程······································································.238
10.1.3 各國先進制造戰略發展背景···································································.240
10.2 GE 和IIC 的工業互聯網發展困局·····································································.244
10.2.1 GE 工業互聯網的興起與挫折·································································.244
10.2.2 工業互聯網聯盟的困境與轉型································································.246
10.3 物聯網支撐中國工業互聯網發展······································································.247
10.3.1 工業互聯網相關產業政策······································································.247
10.3.2 工業互聯網的技術體系架構···································································.249
10.3.3 工業互聯網應用的物聯網底座································································.256
10.4 工業互聯網與工業4.0 的碰撞交流····································································.261
10.5 工業互聯網落地實施的待解問題······································································.264
10.5.1 跨行業、跨專業工業機理存在知識壁壘····················································.265
10.5.2 標識體系標準不一，缺少核心價值··························································.267
10.6 本章小結····································································································.271
第11 章 物聯網架起通往數字孿生世界的橋梁···············································.272
11.1 數字孿生的發展背景·····················································································.272
11.2 數字孿生的概念與內涵··················································································.274
11.2.1 數字孿生的術語定義············································································.274
11.2.2 數字孿生的典型特征············································································.275
11.2.3 與相近概念的聯系和區別······································································.275
11.3 數字孿生的技術體系·····················································································.278
11.3.1 數字孿生參考模型···············································································.278
11.3.2 數字孿生技術架構···············································································.280
11.3.3 數字孿生的主要支撐技術······································································.283
11.4 物聯網建立虛實世界之間的連接·······························································.284
11.5 本章小結····································································································.286
第12 章 物聯網新型基礎設施建設政策與實施案例········································.287
12.1 《物聯網新型基礎設施建設三年行動計劃（2021—2023 年）》解讀···························.287
12.1.1 行動計劃出臺背景···············································································.287
12.1.2 行動計劃主要內容···············································································.288
12.2 智能安防物聯網新基建案例············································································.291
12.2.1 案例概況···························································································.291
12.2.2 案例技術方案·····················································································.292
12.2.3 創新點和實施效果···············································································.293
12.3 智慧燃氣物聯網新基建案例············································································.298
12.3.1 案例概況···························································································.298
12.3.2 案例技術方案·····················································································.299
12.3.3 創新點和實施效果···············································································.301
12.4 智能電網物聯網監測新基建案例······································································.303
12.4.1 案例概況···························································································.303
12.4.2 案例技術方案·····················································································.304
12.4.3 創新點和實施效果···············································································.306
12.5 智能交通車路協同新基建案例·········································································.307
12.5.1 案例概況···························································································.307
12.5.2 案例技術方案·····················································································.308
12.5.3 創新點和實施效果···············································································.312
12.6 本章小結····································································································.314
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