本書分別從草莓生產(chǎn)的意義與國內(nèi)外發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀、草莓的生物學特性、草莓主要品種、草莓建園技術、草莓苗繁育技術、草莓設施栽培技術、草莓病蟲草害防治技術和草莓采收、保鮮和加工技術等八章內(nèi)容詳細介紹了草莓優(yōu)質(zhì)生產(chǎn)技術流程，內(nèi)容詳實生動，實用性強，使讀者在了解草莓現(xiàn)狀、生物學特性和主要品種的同時，能更容易直觀的掌握草莓繁苗、設施栽培和病蟲害防治等相關技術，可作為相關農(nóng)業(yè)公司、農(nóng)技推廣部門培訓材料和工具書。
本書是內(nèi)容全面、專業(yè)性強的草莓種植技術英文教材。
王全智，1981年10月生，中共黨員，博士，高級農(nóng)藝師。現(xiàn)任江蘇農(nóng)林職業(yè)技術學院農(nóng)博園部門主任，兼任江蘇省草莓協(xié)會理事。擔任設施園藝、無土栽培、工廠化育苗課程等教學工作，長期從事草莓新技術、新模式研究和推廣工作，擔任江蘇（句容）現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)（草莓）科技綜合示范基地主任。先后到美國、荷蘭、日本等國家考察學習設施園藝新技術，先后獲全國農(nóng)牧漁業(yè)豐收獎農(nóng)業(yè)技術推廣貢獻獎、江蘇省農(nóng)業(yè)技術推廣獎一等獎等獎項和榮譽。授權國家發(fā)明專利2項、實用新型專利3項，參與選育植物新品種3個，鑒定植物新品種新技術1項，發(fā)表專業(yè)論文10余篇，其中SCI收錄2篇。
孫朋朋，1987年10月生，碩士。任職于江蘇農(nóng)林職業(yè)技術學院，一直從事于草莓生理研究及草莓優(yōu)良技術的研發(fā)示范和推廣等工作，作為核心成員先后參與掛縣強農(nóng)富民工程項目、有機生態(tài)型無土高架草莓栽培技術集成示范與推廣“三新”項目、草莓超低溫脫毒快繁技術研究與推廣“三新”項目等省市級項目8項，主持草莓夜冷育苗技術研究、優(yōu)質(zhì)草莓種苗生產(chǎn)技術等項目4項。依托項目發(fā)表核心論文3篇，授權專利9項，制定“草莓秸稈還田高壟栽培技術規(guī)程”鎮(zhèn)江市地方標準1項。獲得江蘇省農(nóng)業(yè)技術推廣獎一等獎、江蘇省農(nóng)學會技術推廣獎三等獎等榮譽。
Chapter 1 Significance of Strawberry Production and the Status
Quo at Home and Abroad ………………………………… 1
Section 1 Nutrition Facts and Economic Significance of Strawberries ……… 1
Section 2 History and Status Quo of Strawberry Production at Home and
Abroad ……………………………………………………………… 5
Section 3 Problems of Strawberry Industry and Development Trends of
Strawberry Production in China ………………………………… 11
Chapter 2 Biological Characteristics of Strawberries …………………… 17
Section 1 Morphological Characteristics of Strawberries …………………… 17
Section 2 Phenological Period of Strawberries ……………………………… 25
Section 3 Requirements for Environmental Conditions of Strawberries …… 29
Chapter 3 Main Varieties of Strawberries ………………………………… 38
Section 1 Japanese Strawberries …………………………………………… 40
Section 2 European and American Strawberries …………………………… 50
Section 3 Chinese Strawberries ……………………………………………… 60
Chapter 4 Strawberries Gardening Techniques …………………………… 71
Section 1 Establishment of Protected Cultivation Strawberry Orchards …… 72
Section 2 Establishment of Strawberry-Picking Orchards …………………… 76
Chapter 5 Breeding Techniques for Strawberries ………………………… 81
Section 1 Breeding of Virus-free Strawberry Seedlings ……………………… 81
Section 2 Propagation of Strawberry Producible Plantlets …………………… 87
Section 3 Temporary Planting ……………………………………………… 93
Section 4 Shading and Rain-proof Breeding ………………………………… 98
Section 5 Rain-proof Substrate Breeding ………………………………… 100
Section 6 Self-nurturing Breeding with Elevated Beds …………………… 105
Section 7 Layer Breeding with Elevated Beds …………………………… 108
Section 8 Measures for Flower Bud Differentiation ………………………… 112
Section 9 Outplanting and Transportation of Seedlings …………………… 114
Chapter 6 Protected Cultivation Techniques …………………………… 116
Section 1 Forcing Culture ………………………………………………… 116
Section 2 Semi-forcing Culture …………………………………………… 142
Section 3 Early Maturity Cultivation with Plastic Arched Sheds ………… 147
Section 4 Stereoscopic Cultivation ………………………………………… 151
Section 5 Ultrahigh Ridge Cultivation ……………………………………… 168
Chapter 7 Control Techniques of Strawberry Diseases,Pests,
and Weeds ……………………………………………………… 176
Section 1 Main Diseases Control …………………………………………… 176
Section 2 Main Pests Control ……………………………………………… 197
Section 3 Weeds Control …………………………………………………… 206
Chapter 8 Harvesting,Preservation,and Processing Techniques …… 213
Section 1 Timely Harvest ………………………………………………… 213
Section 2 Fruit Precooling ………………………………………………… 214
Section 3 Fruit Packing and Transportation ……………………………… 215
Section 4 Storage and Preservation ………………………………………… 216
Section 5 Quick-freeze …………………………………………………… 218
Section 6 Other Processing Techniques …………………………………… 220
I. Sweet Charlie
It is an American variety and a hybrid of FL80-456 and Pajaro and it was introduced to China by the Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences in 1999. Since its introduction, the trial plantation has been popularized in the north and south of China. At present, it is one of the leading varieties with the largest cultivation area in China and has a large cultivation area in Beijing, Liaoning, Shandong, Fujian, Jiangsu, Hebei, Jilin, Guangdong, and other places. In 2010, it ranked second in the strawberry cultivation area in China. Its fruit is relatively large and conical, with a regular shape. Its fruit surface is bright red, glossy, and flat, with a uniform color. Its seed is relatively sparse and yellowish-green and it is parallel with the surface or slightly sunken in the fruit. Its pulp is orange, with a sweet and slightly sour taste and high quality. Its fruit is rather firm, so it stands up to storage and transportation. Sweet Charlie has moderate yield potential and moderate growth vigor. Its stolon has the great ability to produce daughter plants and it can be used for early-maturing forcing culture in solar greenhouses or plastic tunnels.
II. Allstar
It is an American variety and a hybrid of MDUS4419 and MDUS3185
bred at the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station of USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) in 1981. In 1980, it was introduced to China by Shenyang Agricultural University and was widely cultivated in Hebei, Liaoning, Gansu, Shanxi, and other provinces. At present, it is still one of the leading varieties in open fields, arched sheds, plastic tunnels, and solar greenhouses. In 2010, it ranked fourth in the strawberry cultivation area in China. The fruit is relatively large, conical to short conical, with uniform in size and beautiful in appearance. The fruit surface is bright red, glossy, and flat, with few wrinkles. Its pulp edge is reddish, with a medium-sized, orange, and solid pith. Its pulp is fine, fragrant, and juicy and tastes both sweet and sour. It has a moderate quality, thick skin, and firm texture and stands up well to storage and transportation. With high yield potential, its yield can reach 750–1,500 kg per 667 m2. Allstar is relatively resistant to heat and coldness. It has a certain resistance to root rot, wilt disease, powdery mildew, red stele root rot, and verticillium wilt. Allstar has strong growth vigor and grows fairly vertically. It is mid-late maturing and can be used as both fresh food and processed food. It is well-adapted and can be grown in the open or in the manner of semi-forcing culture.
III. Camarosa
It is an American variety and a hybrid of Douglas and Cal 85.218-605. In the 1990s, Camarosa was introduced to China. It is cultivated in a certain area in the north and south of China, mainly in Beijing. In 2010, it ranked sixth in the strawberry cultivation area in China. Its fruit is large and the maximum fruit weighs 100 g. The fruit is uniform in size, long conical or cuniform. The fruit surface is flat and smooth, with a waxy luster. Its pulp is red and fragrant and tastes both sweet and sour. Camarosa has a solid texture so it can stand up to storage and transportation. It has a short dormancy and blooms early. In protected fields, Camarosa can keep fruiting for six months, with a yield of 3,500–4,000 kg per 667 m2. It is well-adapted and resistant to gray mold and powdery mildew. It has strong growth vigor and its stolon has the great ability to produce daughter plants. The plant grows vertically and is semi-spreading. It has an excellent comprehensive character and is good for greenhouse cultivation.
IV. Honeoye
It is an American variety and a hybrid of Vibrant and Holiday bred by Cornell University at the Geneva Agricultural Experiment Station in New York in 1979. It was a leading variety in the 1980s in America and it is also cultivated in a relatively large area in Canada, Italy, and other countries. In 1983, the variety was introduced to China by Shenyang Agricultural University. Since the 1980s, it has been one of the leading varieties in Liaoning, Gansu, and Shandong. Now, it is mainly cultivated in the open and used for export after production and processing. In 2010, it ranked eighth in the strawberry cultivation area in China. The fruit is relatively large, conical to cuniform. The fruit surface is red to dark red, glossy, and relatively flat, with few wrinkles. And the fruit tip is not easy to be colored. Its pulp is reddish, with a medium-sized, reddish, and slightly hollow pith. Its pulp is fine, fragrant, and juicy and tastes slightly sour. It has a moderate quality, thick skin, and firm texture and it stands up well to storage and transportation. With high yield potential, its yield can reach 750–1,500 kg per 667 m2. Its plant is relatively resistant to heat and coldness. And it also has strong resistance to gray mold, white rot, leaf spot, and wilt disease. Honeoye has strong growth vigor and grows fairly vertically. It is mid-maturing and can be used as both fresh food and processed food. It can be cultivated in the open or in the manner of semi-forcing culture.
V. Earliglow
It is an American variety and a hybrid of Fairland, Midland, Redglow, and Surecrop bred at the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station of USDA in 1975. It was one of the early-maturing varieties widely cultivated in America. In 1980, it was introduced to China by Shenyang Agricultural University and was one of the early-maturing varieties for open cultivation in Gansu, Hebei, and Liaoning from 1980 to 2000. The fruit size is above the average, with a conical to a short conical shape. Its fruit is uniform in size and beautiful. The fruit surface is red to dark red, glossy, and flat, with few wrinkles. Its pulp is red, with a large, reddish, and slightly hollow pith. Its pulp is fine, fragrant, relatively juicy, and tastes both sweet and sour. Its quality is above the average, with thick skin and firm texture and it stands up well to storage and transportation. With high yield potential, its yield can reach 720–1,300 kg per 667 m2. Its plant is relatively resistant to heat and coldness. It has relative resistance to leaf spot, leaf scorch, and red stele root rot but it is susceptible to ripe rot. Earliglow has strong growth vigor and grows fairly vertically. It is an early-maturing variety with a beautiful appearance and can be grown in the open or in the manner of semi-forcing culture.
VI. Selva
It is an American variety and a hybrid of CA70.3-177 and CA71.98-605 and it was released in 1983. In 1997, it was introduced to China to be planted sporadically in Shandong and other provinces. Its fruit is large, an average single fruit weighs 31.2 g and the maximum fruit is 138 g. Its fruit is broadly conical and the fruit surface is blight red, glossy, and flat with few wrinkles. Its pulp is orange, with a medium-sized, orange, and hollow pith. Its pulp is fine, fragrant, and juicy and tastes both sweet and sour. Its content of soluble solids is 13.5%. The variety can be cultivated throughout the year and has a heavy yield.
VII. Chandler
It is an American variety and a hybrid of Douglas and Cal 72.361-105 (C55), which was bred by the University of California and released in 1983. In the late 20th century, it was one of the leading varieties in America and Europe. Its fruit is dark red, conical, and firm and tastes both sweet and sour. The content of soluble solids is 9%, the average weight of the primary fruits is 18 g, and the maximum single fruit weighs 70 g. Its yield can reach 3,000 kg per 667 m2. Its plant is semi-spreading and has stable growth vigor. It also has strong disease resistance and its leaf is dark green, suborbicular, and glossy. Its pedicel is thick and strong, lower than its leaf. Chandler can be used for fresh food and deeply-processed food and it is suitable for greenhouse and open cultivation.
VIII. Falandi
The source of the variety is unknown. In the last ten years, Falandi has been the leading variety for open cultivation in Guangdong and Fujian. Many people regard Falandi as Sweet Charlie. Although the result is inconclusive, the characters of the two varieties are similar. Its fruit is relatively large, conical, and long, with a regular shape. Its fruit surface is bright red, glossy, and flat, with a uniform color. Its seed is relatively sparse and yellowish-green. Its pulp is orange and has a sweet and slightly sour taste and high quality. Its fruit is rather firm, so it stands up to storage and transportation. It has high yield potential. The growth vigor of its plant is strong and its leaf is large, suborbicular, and dark green. Its stolon has the great ability to produce daughter plants It can be planted in the open or in the manner of forcing culture.
IX. Albion
It is an American variety and a hybrid of Diamante and Cal 94. 16-1 by the University of California in 2006. Its plant has strong growth vigor and grows vertically, with a height of 21–27 cm. Its pedicel is thick and strong, higher than the leaf and the diameter of its flower is 3–4 cm. Its fruit is long, conical, dark red, and uniform in color. The fruit is firm and has high quality and it can be used as both fresh food and processed food. The fruit is large, with an average single fruit weight of 33 g. Its stolon has the great ability to produce daughter plants and it is resistant to verticillium wilt and ripe rot. It fruits throughout the year.
X. Ventana
Ventana is an American short-day variety that was bred by the University of California in 2001. It has strong growth vigor and its stolon has the great ability to produce daughter plants. Its plant is spreading. It fruits earlier than Camarosa and its yield is also heavier than that of Camarosa. Its fruit is uniform in size and glossy. Its firmness and shelf life are similar to those of Camarosa, and Ventana is suitable for being consumed fresh and processed. Its comprehensive characters are better than those of Camarosa. Ventana is well-adapted and resistant to root rot but it is susceptible to leaf spot and verticillium wilt.
XI. Camino Real
Camino Real is an American short-day variety that was a hybrid of Cal 89.230-7 and Cal 90.253-3 bred by the University of California. Its plant is relatively small and grows compactly. Its reproductive cycle is similar to that of Camarosa but it has a higher yield than Camarosa. Its fruit has a good flavor and its firmness is similar to that of Camarosa. It is suitable for being consumed fresh and processed. Camino Real is susceptible to powdery mildew but it has strong resistance to verticillium wilt and root rot and relative resistance to ripe rot.
XII. Monterey
Monterey is an American ever-bearing variety that was a hybrid of Albion and Cal 97.85-6 bred by the University of California in 2009. Monterey has strong growth vigor and its plant is spreading. Its fruit is larger than that of Albion, its mother, but the firmness is lower than that of Albion. It has a good flavor and is the sweetest among the strawberry varieties in California, but it is susceptible to powdery mildew.
XIII. Portola
Portola is an American ever-bearing variety that was a hybrid of Cal 97.93-3 and Cal 97.209-1 bred by the University of California in 2009. Portola has strong growth vigor and its plant is tall. Its fruit size is similar to that of Albion, but its color is lighter than that of Albion. And it is glossy. Portola is well-adapted and fruits earlier than Albion. Its fruit has high quality and strong resistance.
XIV. San Andreas
San Andreas is an American ever-bearing variety that was a hybrid of Albion and Cal 97.86-1 bred by the University of California in 2009. Its reproductive cycle is similar to that of Albion, its mother. San Andreas has strong growth vigor and its plant is higher than that of Albion. Its stolon has a poor reproductive capacity. Its fruit is large and has high quality and strong resistance. Besides, its fruit color is lighter than that of Albion.
XV. Darselect
It is a French variety and a hybrid of Parker and Elsanta that was bred by Darbonne, a French company, in 1995. In the late 1990s, it was introduced to China and popularized and developed quickly in Hebei, Liaoning, Shandong, etc. At present, it is one of the leading varieties for plasticulture in some areas of Hebei and Liaoning. In 2010, it ranked fifth in the strawberry cultivation area in China. Its fruit is large and conical, with a regular fruit shape. Its fruit surface is dark red and glossy. Its pulp is totally red and it has a firm texture, so it stands up well to long-distant shipping. Its fruit has high quality and a good flavor and it tastes both sweet and sour. With high yield potential, the yield of Darselect can reach 3,500 kg per 667m2 in protected areas and 2,500 kg per 667 m2 in the open. Its plant has strong growth vigor and grows fairly vertically. Its leaf is numerous, thick, and dark green. The variety is suitable for open cultivation and semi-forcing culture in plastic tunnels.
XVI. Maliya
Its original name is not clear. It's also called Strawberry C. In 1993, Maliya was introduced from Spain to Beijing and Donggang, Liaoning, and was numbered C. Its parent was not clear. Now, it is one of the leading varieties planted in the open and arched sheds in northern areas, such as Liaoning, and is often called "Strawberry C" in production. In 2010, it ranked tenth in the strawberry cultivation area in China. Its fruit is large, conical, and regular in size. Its fruit surface is bright red, glossy, and flat. The pulp is yellowish and fragrant and tastes both sweet and sour. Its firmness is good for its storage and transportation, with a yield of more than 2,000 kg per 667 m2. When the temperature keeps below 5°C for 500–600 hours, Maliya will have a deep dormancy. Strawberry common leaf spot is likely to occur in seedling fields. Its plant has strong growth vigor and its leaf is thick, oval, and dark green with a shallow, toothed leaf margin. Its stolon has the poor ability to produce daughter plants, but it has a high seedling survival rate. As a mid-maturing variety, Maliya is suitable for open, arched sheds, and delayed cultivation.
XVII. Tudla
It was bred by Planasa, a Spanish plant research company, and introduced to China by Donggang Strawberry Research Institute, Liaoning in 1995. From 1995 to 2004, it was widely cultivated in Northeast China and North China and it was the leading variety in solar greenhouses in Liaoning. Despite its high yield, it was rarely cultivated due to its poor quality. The fruit is incredibly big and cuniform or long conical. Its fruit surface is dark red, glossy, slightly sour, and firm with few wrinkles. Its yield can reach over 2,000 kg per 667 m2 and even 4,000 kg per 667 m2 in greenhouses. It has a lighter dormancy than Virginia Strawberry and is suitable for greenhouse cultivation. It gets matured 15–20 days earlier than Virginia Strawberry. Tudla has strong growth vigor, reproductive capacity, and stress resistance. Its leaf is dark green and glossy. Its plant is more compact than that of Virginia Strawberry. The inflorescence is generally single and unbranched. It is mid-maturing and stands up well to storage and transportation.
XVIII. Virginia Strawberry
Its original name is not clear. It's often called wild strawberry. In 1993, Virginia Strawberry was introduced from Spain to Beijing and Donggang, Liaoning, and was numbered A. Its parent was not clear, It's known as "Strawberry A" in production. Through the observation of its character, the variety is thought to be Chandler, an American strawberry. In the middle and late 1990s, it was cultivated in a relatively large area in Northeast China and North China and was the leading variety in solar greenhouses in Liaoning Province. It has been rarely used at present due to its poor quality. The fruit is large, relatively regular, and conical. Its fruit surface is bright red, glossy, and relatively flat. The fruit tip is not easy to be colored, often yellowish-green. Its pulp is orange, with a large, reddish, and hollow pith. The pulp is fine and moderately juicy, with a light taste. Its quality is poor and the skin is thick. The fruit is firm, so it can stand up to storage and transportation. Virginia Strawberry has strong adaptability and disease resistance. It has extremely high yield potential and the yield can reach 4,000–5,000 kg per 667 m2 in solar greenhouses in the north of China. It is early-maturing and suitable for semi- or forcing culture. It can produce inflorescence several times and can flower and fruit repeatedly from late December to the next July in solar greenhouses.
XIX. Senga Sengana
Senga Sengana is commonly known as the Garden Strawberry. It is a German variety and a hybrid of Markee and Sieger bred in 1954 in Germany and it is one of the leading varieties in Poland and Germany. In 1982, it was introduced to China from Hungary by Shenyang Agricultural University. It is mostly cultivated for being processed in Shandong and Liaoning. The fruit is medium-sized, with a conical to a short conical shape. with uniform in size and beautiful in appearance. The fruit surface is dark red, glossy, and flat, with few wrinkles. Its pulp is dark red, with a medium-sized, dark red, and slightly hollow pith. Its pulp is fine, fragrant, and juicy and tastes slightly sour. It has a moderate quality and relatively thin skin and can stand up to storage and transportation. With high yield potential, its yield can reach 750–1,500 kg per 667 m2. Its plant is relatively resistant to heat and coldness. Senga Sengana is resistant to powdery mildew but is susceptible to gray mold. It has moderate growth vigor and the plant is relatively small. It is mid-maturing and suitable for processing and it can be cultivated in the open.
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