這是一本關(guān)于Python編程的書。它并未覆蓋Python的方方面面，其重點(diǎn)是呈現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代且精選的Python語言核心，即側(cè)重于Python編程本身。本書包括抽象實現(xiàn)、程序結(jié)構(gòu)、數(shù)據(jù)、函數(shù)、對象、模塊等主題，這些主題能夠有效幫助Python程序員應(yīng)對各種項目規(guī)模的挑戰(zhàn)。同時，本書通常會省略那些完全可以通過IDE輕松獲取的參考內(nèi)容（例如函數(shù)列表、命令名稱、參數(shù)等），并特意不去描述Python編輯器工具、IDE、部署等快速變化的內(nèi)容及相關(guān)問題。
大衛(wèi)·M.比茲利是Python Essential Reference,Fourth Edition（Addison-Wesley，2010年出版）和Python Cookbook,Third Edition（O‘Reilly，2013年出版）的作者。他目前在自己的公司Dabeaz LLC教授高級計算機(jī)科學(xué)課程。自1996年以來，他一直在使用及教授Python，并進(jìn)行Python方面的寫作及演講。
1 Python 基礎(chǔ) .................................................................................. 15
1.1 運(yùn)行 Python .............................................................................................................. 15
1.2 Python 程序 .............................................................................................................. 16
1.3 基本類型、變量與表達(dá)式 ...................................................................................... 17
1.4 算術(shù)運(yùn)算符 .............................................................................................................. 19
1.5 條件與控制流 .......................................................................................................... 21
1.6 文本串 ...................................................................................................................... 23
1.7 文件輸入與輸出 ...................................................................................................... 26
1.8 列表 .......................................................................................................................... 27
1.9 元組 .......................................................................................................................... 29
1.10 Set ........................................................................................................................... 31
1.11 字典 ........................................................................................................................ 32
1.12 迭代與循環(huán) ............................................................................................................ 35
1.13 函數(shù) ........................................................................................................................ 36
1.14 異常 ........................................................................................................................ 38
1.15 程序終止 ................................................................................................................ 40
1.16 對象和類 ................................................................................................................ 40
1.17 模塊 ........................................................................................................................ 44
1.18 腳本編寫 ................................................................................................................ 46
1.19 包 ............................................................................................................................ 47
1.20 構(gòu)建應(yīng)用程序 ........................................................................................................ 48
1.21 第三方包管理 ........................................................................................................ 49
1.22 Python 讓人感到舒適 ............................................................................................ 50
2 運(yùn)算符、表達(dá)式和數(shù)據(jù)操作 ................................................................. 51
2.1 字面量 ...................................................................................................................... 51
2.2 表達(dá)式與地址 .......................................................................................................... 52
2.3 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)運(yùn)算符 .............................................................................................................. 53
2.4 就地賦值 .................................................................................................................. 55
2.5 對象比較 .................................................................................................................. 56
2.6 有序比較運(yùn)算符 ...................................................................................................... 56
2.7 布爾表達(dá)式及真值 .................................................................................................. 57
2.8 條件表達(dá)式 .............................................................................................................. 58
2.9 迭代操作 .................................................................................................................. 59
2.10 序列操作 ................................................................................................................ 61
2.11 可變序列操作 ........................................................................................................ 63
2.12 Set 操作 .................................................................................................................. 64
2.13 映射操作 ................................................................................................................ 65
2.14 列表、Set 與字典解析式 ...................................................................................... 66
2.15 生成器表達(dá)式 ........................................................................................................ 68
2.16 特性（.）運(yùn)算符 ................................................................................................... 70
2.17 函數(shù)調(diào)用()運(yùn)算符 ................................................................................................. 70
2.18 求值順序 ................................................................................................................ 70
2.19 最后的話：數(shù)據(jù)的秘密 ........................................................................................ 72
3 程序結(jié)構(gòu)與控制流 ............................................................................ 73
3.1 程序結(jié)構(gòu)與執(zhí)行 ...................................................................................................... 73
3.2 條件執(zhí)行 .................................................................................................................. 73
3.3 循環(huán)與迭代 .............................................................................................................. 74
3.4 異常 .......................................................................................................................... 78
3.4.1 異常層次 ..................................................................................................... 81
3.4.2 異常與控制流 ............................................................................................. 82
3.4.3 定義新異常 ................................................................................................. 83
3.4.4 鏈?zhǔn)疆惓?..................................................................................................... 84
3.4.5 異常回溯 ..................................................................................................... 87
3.4.6 異常處理建議 ............................................................................................. 87
3.5 上下文管理器和 with 語句 ..................................................................................... 89
3.6 斷言和__debug__ .................................................................................................... 91
3.7 最后的話 .................................................................................................................. 92
4 對象、類型和協(xié)議 ............................................................................ 93
4.1 核心概念 .................................................................................................................. 93
4.2 對象標(biāo)識與類型 ...................................................................................................... 94
4.3 引用計數(shù)與垃圾回收 .............................................................................................. 95
4.4 引用與復(fù)制 .............................................................................................................. 97
4.5 對象的表示與打印 .................................................................................................. 98
4.6 頭等對象 .................................................................................................................. 99
4.7 對可選的或缺失的數(shù)據(jù)使用 None ....................................................................... 101
4.8 對象協(xié)議及數(shù)據(jù)抽象 ............................................................................................ 101
4.9 對象協(xié)議 ................................................................................................................ 103
4.10 數(shù)字協(xié)議 .............................................................................................................. 104
4.11 比較協(xié)議 .............................................................................................................. 106
4.12 轉(zhuǎn)換協(xié)議 .............................................................................................................. 108
4.13 容器協(xié)議 .............................................................................................................. 109
4.14 迭代協(xié)議 .............................................................................................................. 111
4.15 特性協(xié)議 .............................................................................................................. 112
4.16 函數(shù)協(xié)議 .............................................................................................................. 112
4.17 上下文管理器協(xié)議 .............................................................................................. 113
4.18 最后的話：關(guān)于 Pythonic ................................................................................... 113
5 函數(shù) ........................................................................................... 115
5.1 函數(shù)定義 ................................................................................................................ 115
5.2 缺省參數(shù) ................................................................................................................ 115
5.3 可變參數(shù) ................................................................................................................ 116
5.4 關(guān)鍵字參數(shù) ............................................................................................................ 117
5.5 可變關(guān)鍵字參數(shù) .................................................................................................... 118
5.6 接受所有輸入的函數(shù) ............................................................................................ 118
5.7 位置限定（Positional-Only）參數(shù) ....................................................................... 119
5.8 名稱、文檔字符串和類型提示 ............................................................................ 120
5.9 函數(shù)應(yīng)用及參數(shù)傳遞 ............................................................................................ 121
5.10 返回值 .................................................................................................................. 123
5.11 錯誤處理 .............................................................................................................. 124
5.12 作用域規(guī)則 .......................................................................................................... 125
5.13 遞歸 ...................................................................................................................... 128
5.14 lambda 表達(dá)式 ..................................................................................................... 128
5.15 高階函數(shù) .............................................................................................................. 129
5.16 回調(diào)函數(shù)中的參數(shù)傳遞 ...................................................................................... 132
5.17 從回調(diào)函數(shù)返回結(jié)果 .......................................................................................... 135
5.18 裝飾器 .................................................................................................................. 138
5.19 map、filter 和 reduce ........................................................................................... 141
5.20 函數(shù)自省、特性和簽名 ...................................................................................... 143
5.21 環(huán)境檢查 .............................................................................................................. 145
5.22 動態(tài)代碼的執(zhí)行和創(chuàng)建 ...................................................................................... 147
5.23 異步函數(shù)和 await ................................................................................................ 149
5.24 最后的話：函數(shù)與組合的思考 .......................................................................... 151
6 生成器 ........................................................................................ 153
6.1 生成器與 yield ....................................................................................................... 153
6.2 可重新啟動的生成器 ............................................................................................ 156
6.3 生成器委托 ............................................................................................................ 156
6.4 生成器實踐 ............................................................................................................ 158
6.5 增強(qiáng)型生成器和 yield 表達(dá)式 .............................................................................. 160
6.6 增強(qiáng)型生成器的應(yīng)用 ............................................................................................ 162
6.7 生成器與 await 的聯(lián)系 ......................................................................................... 165
6.8 最后的話：生成器簡史及展望 ............................................................................ 166
7 類和面向?qū)ο缶幊?.......................................................................... 167
7.1 對象 ........................................................................................................................ 167
7.2 class 語句 ............................................................................................................... 168
7.3 實例 ........................................................................................................................ 169
7.4 特性訪問 ................................................................................................................ 170
7.5 作用域規(guī)則 ............................................................................................................ 172
7.6 運(yùn)算符重載及協(xié)議 ................................................................................................ 173
7.7 繼承 ........................................................................................................................ 174
7.8 通過組合避免繼承 ................................................................................................ 177
7.9 通過函數(shù)避免繼承 ................................................................................................ 180
7.10 動態(tài)綁定和鴨子類型 .......................................................................................... 181
7.11 繼承內(nèi)置類型的危險性 ...................................................................................... 181
7.12 類變量和方法 ...................................................................................................... 183
7.13 靜態(tài)方法 .............................................................................................................. 187
7.14 略談設(shè)計模式 ...................................................................................................... 190
7.15 數(shù)據(jù)封裝和私有特性 .......................................................................................... 190
7.16 類型提示 .............................................................................................................. 193
7.17 屬性 ...................................................................................................................... 194
7.18 類型、接口和抽象基類 ...................................................................................... 197
7.19 多重繼承、接口和 mixin .................................................................................... 201
7.20 基于類型的分派 .................................................................................................. 207
7.21 類裝飾器 .............................................................................................................. 208
7.22 有監(jiān)督的繼承 ...................................................................................................... 211
7.23 對象生命周期與內(nèi)存管理 .................................................................................. 213
7.24 弱引用 .................................................................................................................. 218
7.25 內(nèi)部對象表示和特性綁定 .................................................................................. 220
7.26 代理、包裝器和委托 .......................................................................................... 222
7.27 使用__slots__減少內(nèi)存 ....................................................................................... 224
7.28 描述符 .................................................................................................................. 225
7.29 類定義過程 .......................................................................................................... 229
7.30 動態(tài)創(chuàng)建類 .......................................................................................................... 230
7.31 元類 ...................................................................................................................... 231
7.32 用于實例和類的內(nèi)置對象 .................................................................................. 236
7.33 最后的話：保持簡單 .......................................................................................... 237
8 模塊和包 ..................................................................................... 239
8.1 模塊和 import 語句 ............................................................................................... 239
8.2 模塊緩存 ................................................................................................................ 241
8.3 從模塊導(dǎo)入選定名稱 ............................................................................................ 242
8.4 循環(huán)導(dǎo)入 ................................................................................................................ 244
8.5 模塊的重新加載與卸載 ........................................................................................ 246
8.6 模塊編譯 ................................................................................................................ 247
8.7 模塊搜索路徑 ........................................................................................................ 248
8.8 作為主程序執(zhí)行 .................................................................................................... 248
8.9 包 ............................................................................................................................ 249
8.10 包內(nèi)導(dǎo)入 .............................................................................................................. 251
8.11 以腳本方式運(yùn)行包的子模塊 .............................................................................. 252
8.12 控制包命名空間 .................................................................................................. 253
8.13 控制包的導(dǎo)出 ...................................................................................................... 254
8.14 包數(shù)據(jù) .................................................................................................................. 255
8.15 模塊對象 .............................................................................................................. 256
8.16 部署 Python 包 ..................................................................................................... 257
8.17 倒數(shù)第二句話：從一個包開始 .......................................................................... 258
8.18 最后的話：保持簡單 .......................................................................................... 259
9 輸入與輸出 .................................................................................. 261
9.1 數(shù)據(jù)表示 ................................................................................................................ 261
9.2 文本編碼和解碼 .................................................................................................... 262
9.3 文本和字節(jié)格式化 ................................................................................................ 264
9.4 讀取命令行選項 .................................................................................................... 268
9.5 環(huán)境變量 ................................................................................................................ 270
9.6 文件和文件對象 .................................................................................................... 270
9.6.1 文件名稱 ................................................................................................... 271
9.6.2 文件模式 ................................................................................................... 272
9.6.3 I/O 緩沖 ..................................................................................................... 272
9.6.4 文本模式編碼 ........................................................................................... 273
9.6.5 文本模式行處理 ....................................................................................... 274
9.7 I/O 抽象層 .............................................................................................................. 274
9.7.1 文件方法 ................................................................................................... 275
9.8 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輸入、輸出和錯誤 ........................................................................................ 277
9.9 目錄 ........................................................................................................................ 278
9.10 print()函數(shù) ............................................................................................................ 279
9.11 生成輸出 .............................................................................................................. 279
9.12 消費(fèi)輸入 .............................................................................................................. 280
9.13 對象序列化 .......................................................................................................... 282
9.14 阻塞操作和并發(fā) .................................................................................................. 283
9.14.1 非阻塞 I/O ............................................................................................... 284
9.14.2 I/O 輪詢 ................................................................................................... 285
9.14.3 線程 ......................................................................................................... 285
9.14.4 使用 asyncio 并發(fā)執(zhí)行 ........................................................................... 286
9.15 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫模塊 .......................................................................................................... 287
9.15.1 asyncio 模塊 ............................................................................................ 287
9.15.2 binascii 模塊 ............................................................................................ 288
9.15.3 cgi 模塊 ................................................................................................... 289
9.15.4 configparser 模塊 .................................................................................... 209
9.15.5 csv 模塊 ................................................................................................... 209
9.15.6 errno 模塊 ................................................................................................ 291
9.15.7 fcntl 模塊 ................................................................................................. 292
9.15.8 hashlib 模塊 ............................................................................................. 292
9.15.9 http 包 ...................................................................................................... 293
9.15.10 io 模塊 ................................................................................................... 293
9.15.11 json 模塊 ................................................................................................ 294
9.15.12 logging 模塊 .......................................................................................... 294
9.15.13 os 模塊................................................................................................... 295
9.15.14 os.path 模塊 ........................................................................................... 295
9.15.15 pathlib 模塊 ........................................................................................... 296
9.15.16 re 模塊 ................................................................................................... 297
9.15.17 shutil 模塊 ............................................................................................. 298
9.15.18 select 模塊 ............................................................................................. 298
9.15.19 smtplib 模塊 .......................................................................................... 299
9.15.20 socket 模塊 ............................................................................................ 300
9.15.21 struct 模塊 ............................................................................................. 302
9.15.22 subprocess 模塊 ..................................................................................... 302
9.15.23 tempfile 模塊 ......................................................................................... 303
9.15.24 textwrap 模塊 ........................................................................................ 304
9.15.25 threading 模塊 ....................................................................................... 305
9.15.26 time 模塊 ............................................................................................... 307
9.15.27 urllib 包 ................................................................................................. 307
9.15.28 unicodedata 模塊 ................................................................................... 308
9.15.29 xml 包 .................................................................................................... 309
9.16 最后的話 .............................................................................................................. 310
10 內(nèi)置函數(shù)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫 ........................................................................ 311
10.1 內(nèi)置函數(shù) .............................................................................................................. 311
10.2 內(nèi)置異常 .............................................................................................................. 328
10.2.1 異常基類 ................................................................................................. 328
10.2.2 異常特性 ................................................................................................. 328
10.2.3 預(yù)定義異常類 ......................................................................................... 329
10.3 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫 .................................................................................................................. 332
10.3.1 collections 模塊 ....................................................................................... 332
10.3.2 datetime 模塊 .......................................................................................... 332
10.3.3 itertools 模塊 ........................................................................................... 332
10.3.4 inspect 模塊 ............................................................................................. 332
10.3.5 math 模塊 ................................................................................................ 332
10.3.6 os 模塊 .................................................................................................... 333
10.3.7 random 模塊 ............................................................................................ 333
10.3.8 re 模塊 ..................................................................................................... 333
10.3.9 shutil 模塊 ............................................................................................... 333
10.3.10 statistics 模塊 ........................................................................................ 333
10.3.11 sys 模塊 ................................................................................................. 333
10.3.12 time 模塊 ............................................................................................... 333
10.3.13 turtle 模塊 .............................................................................................. 333
10.3.14 unittest 模塊 .......................................................................................... 333
10.4 最后的話：使用內(nèi)置功能 .................................................................................. 334
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