會計與財務管理專業英語涵蓋了會計和財務管理的有關內容,分為兩個部分,共27章
第一部分是會計專題,分基礎會計和財務會計兩個單元,共16章.基礎會計單元依次介紹了會計等式、會計循環、報表介紹;財務會計單元依次介紹了資產、負債、所有者權益、收入、費用和財務報表.第二部分是財務管理專題,共11章,依次介紹了時間價值、利率、融資、投資、營運資金、利潤分配和報表分析.每一章后面都附有詞匯表和補充知識.
適讀人群 ：會計與財務管理專業英語不僅適合高等院校管理學專業的本科生專業基礎課教學使用,而且適合于會計學和財務管理專業本科生的專業課教學.
叢書總序前言
PART1 ACCOUNTING
UNIT1 BAsicAc
outing ChApter1 IntroductiontoAc
ounting 2
1．1
DefinitionofAc
ounting 2
1．2
Profes
ionofAc
ounting 2
1．3
TypesofAc
ountingInformAtion 4
1．4
FinAnciAlAc
ountingMeAsurementBAses 4 MoreKnowledge 7 ChApter2 TheStructureAndChArtofAc
ounts 11
2．1
Ac
ountTitle 11
2．2
TheStructureofAc
ounts 15 MoreKnowledge 17 ChApter3 TheAc
tingEquAtionAndDoubleEntryBookke
ping 18
3．1
Ac
ountinments 18
gElenuo
3．2
TheAc
ountingEquAtion 19
3．3
DoubleEntry 22 ChApter4 Ac
ountingCycle(Ⅰ) 25
4．1
TheJournAlAndJournAlizingTrAnsActions 25
4．2
TheLedgerAndPostingTrAnsActions 28
4．3
PrepAringATriAlBAlAnce 32 ChApter5 Ac
ountingCycle(Ⅱ) 38
5．1
TimePeriodPrincipleAndtheNe
dforAdjustments 38
5．2
Ac
ruAlVersusCAshBAsisofAc
ounting 38
5．3
PrepAreAdjustingEntries 39
5．4
TheAdjustedTriAlBAlAnceAndPrepArAtionofFinAnciAlStAtements 43
5．5
TheWorkshe
t 46
5．6
ClosingEntries 49
5．7
ThePostＧclosingTriAlBAlAnce 51
5．8
TheStepsintheAc
ountingCycle 52 ChApter6 BAsicFinAnciAlStAtements 60 6．1 StAtementofProfitorLos
AndComprehensiveIncome 60
6．2
StAtementofChAngesinOwners Equity 61
6．3
StAtementofFinAnciAlPosition 61
6．4
StAtementofCAshFlows 63UNIT2 FinAnciAlAc
ounting ChApter7 CAsh 67
7．1
NAturesofCAsh 67
7．2
ControlofCAsh 68
7．3
BAnkReconciliAtion 71 ChApter8 Ac
ountsReceivAble 77
8．1
NAtureofAc
ountsReceivAble 77
8．2
SAlesDiscounts 77
8．3
SAlesReturns 78
8．4
Ac
ountingforBAdDebtExpense 78 ChApter9 Inventory 85
9．1
NAtureofInventory 85
9．2
PerpetuAlAndPeriodicInventorySystems 86
9．3
InventoryCostFlow Methods 86 ChApter10 FixedAs
ets 91
10．1
DefinitionofFixedAs
ets 91
10．2
AcquisitionofFixedAs
ets 91
10．3
DepreciAtionofFixedAs
ets 91
10．4
DisposAlofFixedAs
ets 95 ChApter11 IntAngibleAs
ets 98
11．1
DefinitionofIntAngibleAs
ets 98
11．2
VAriousIntAngibleAs
ets 98
11．3
AcquisitionofIntAngibleAs
ets 99
11．4
AmortizAtionofIntAngibleAs
ets 100 ChApter12 LiAbilities 102
12．1
DefinitionofLiAbilities 102
12．2
ClAs
ificAtionofLiAbilities 102
12．3
DeterminAbleLiAbilities 102 ChApter13 Owners Equity 119
13．1
FormsofBusines
OrgAnizAtion 119
13．2
SoleProprietorshipsAndPArtnershipsAc
ounting 120
13．3
CorporAtionAc
ounting 131
ChApter14 IncomeAndExpenses 142 14．1 ContentsofIncome 142 14．2 Ac
ountingforRevenue 142 14．3 Ac
ountingforExpenses 144 ChApter15 FinAnciAlStAtements(Ⅰ) 147 15．1 StAtementofFinAnciAlPosition 147 15．2 StAtementofProfitorLos
AndOtherComprehensiveIncome 158 ChApter16 FinAnciAlStAtements(Ⅱ) 170 16．1 StAtementofCAshFlows 170 16．2 TheStAtementofChAngesinEquity 178
PART2 FINANCE
ChApter17 OverviewofFinAnce 182 17．1 TheMAinContentofFinAnciAlMAnAgement 182 17．2 TArgetsofFinAnciAlMAnAgement 185 17．3 TheMAjorTAsksoftheFinAnciAlMAnAger 187 ChApter18 TimeVAlueofMoney 190 18．1 RelAtionshiptothePAymentDecision 190 18．2 FutureVAlueAndPresentVAlueofSingleAmount 190 18．3 FutureAndPresentVAlueofAnnuity 192 18．4 DeterminingofAnnuityVAlue 195 ChApter19 InterestRAtes 197 19．1 HistoricAlInterestRAtes 197 19．2 ReAsonsforInterestRAteChAnges 198 19．3 InterestRAtesQuotes 199 19．4 ConvertingAnAPRtoAnEAR 199 19．5 InflAtionAndReAlVersusNominAlRAtes 199 19．6 RiskAndTAxes 200 19．7 MArketInterestRAtesModel 200 ChApter20 DebtFinAncing 202 20．1 ShortＧtermDebtFinAncing 202 20．2 LongＧtermDebtFinAncing 203 ChApter21 EquityFinAning 207 21．1 TheConceptsofEqcuityFinAncing 207 21．2 TheAdvAntAgesAndDisAdvAntAges 207 21．3 FActorsConsideredforChoosingAMethodofFinAncing 208 21．4 SourcesofEquityFinAncing 208 21．5 MethodsofEquityFinAncing 209ChApter22 CApitAlBudgeting(Ⅰ) 212
22．1
ImportAnceofCApitAlBudgeting 212
22．2
Proces
AndPrinciplesofCApitAlBudgeting 212
22．3
IncrementAlCAshFlowsofProject 213 MoreKnowledge 215 ChApter23 CApitAlBudgeting(Ⅱ) 216
23．1
CApitAlBudgetingDecisionCriteriA 216
23．2
PAybAckPeriod(PP) 216
23．3
NetPresentVAlue(NPV) 217
23．4
ItrAAeoeun( 217
nenlRtfRtrIRR)ChApter24 WorkingCApitAlMAnAgement 219
24．1
WorkingCApitAlTerminology 219
24．2
CAshMAnAgement 220
24．3
Ac
ountsReceivAbleMAnAgement 221
24．4
InventoryMAnAgement 222 MoreKnowledge 225 ChApter25 DistributionofProfits 227
25．1
TheBAsicTheoryofDividendPolicy 227
25．2
DividendTheory 228
25．3
FActorsInfluencingtheDividendDecision 230
25．4
DividendPolicy 232 MoreKnowledge 235 ChApter26 FinAnciAlPlAnning 237
26．1
TheObjectiveofFinAnciAlPlAnning 237
26．2
TheBenefitsofFinAnciAlPlAnning 237
26．3
ImportAntElementsinFinAnciAlPlAnning 238
26．4
TheFinAnciAlPlAnningModel 239
26．5
LinksBetwe
nLongＧtermAndShortＧtermFinAncingDecisions 240 MoreKnowledge 245 ChApter27 AnAlyzingFinAnciAlStAtements 246
27．1
TheBroAdCAtegoriesofRAtios 246
27．2
ProfitAbilityAndReturnonCApitAl 249
27．3
Liquidity,GeAring/LeverAgeAndWorkingCApitAl 250
27．4
Ef
iciencyRAtios:ControlofReceivAblesAndInventories 253
27．5
ShAreholders InvestmentRAtios 255
PART 1
ACCOUNTING
UNIT1 BAsicAc
ounting
ChApter1 IntroductiontoAcounting
1. 1 Definition of Accounting
AcountingisoftendescribedAsAserviceActivity．ItsfunctionistoprovidequAntitAtive informAtion,primArily finAnciAlin nAture,About economic entities．The scope of Ac
ounting includes first identifying economic events,then meAsuring,recording, summArizing,AndreportingtheinformAtiontousers．Ac
ountingcoversAsignificAntlybroAderscopeofActivitiesthAnbookke
ping．
TheprimAryusersAreinvestorsAnd mAnAgers,butcreditors,government,lAbour unions,AndthegenerAlpublicAlsouseAc
ountinginformAtion．FinAnciAlstAtementsreport Ac
ountinginformAtionthAtprovidesAnswersto questionsAboutresources,eArningprospects,expectedcAshcol
ections,expensestobeincur
ed,debtＧpAyingAbility,tAx col
ection,AndnegotiAtingwAgeAgre
ments．
1. 2 Profession of Accounting
ThedemAndforAc
ountingserviceshAsincreAsedwiththeincreAseinnumber,size Andcomplexityofbusines
es．InAddition,newlAwsAndregulAtionshAveAlsocreAtedAn increAseddemAndforAc
ounting．
YoumAywonderwhetherthereArecAre
ropportunitiesinAc
ounting．TheAnsweris yes．Employmentopportunitiesintheprofes
ionofAc
ountAncyAreexpectedtocontinueto growAndexpAnd．InAreportprepAredbytheU．S．DepArtmentofLAbor,theAc
ountingprofes
ionisprojectedtoincreAseby39．8％ betwe
nthelAte1980sAndtheyeAr2000．
AcountAntsAreengAgedineither (1)privAteAcountingor (2)publicAcounting． AcountAntsemployedbyAbusines
firm orAnotＧforＧprofitorgAnizAtionAresAidtobe engAgedinprivAteAcounting．AcountAntsAndtheirstAf
whoprovideservicesonAfe
bAsisAresAidtobeengAgedinpublicAc
ounting．
ExperienceinprivAteAndpublicAc
ountinghAslong be
nrecognizedAsexcel
ent trAiningfortopmAnAgementpositions．MAnypositionsinindustry,AndinstAteAndfederAl AgenciesAreheldbyindividuAlswitheducAtionAndexperienceinAc
ounting．
1．PrivAteAcounting
ThescopeofActivitiesAnd dutiesofprivAteAcountAntsvAries widely．IfprivAte AcountAntsAreemployedbyA mAnufActuringfirmthey mAybecAl
edindustriAlorcost AcountAnts．ThechiefAcountAntinAbusines
mAybecAl
edthecontrol er．VAriousstAte AndfederAlAgenciesAndothernotＧforＧprofitAgenciesAlsoemployAc
ountAnts．
2．PublicAc
ounting
InpublicAc
ounting,AnAc
ountAntmAyprActiceAsAnindividuAlorAsAmemberofA publicAc
ountingfirm．PublicAc
ountAntswhohAvemetAstAteseducAtion,experience, AndexAminAtionrequirementsmAybecomeCertifiedPublicAc
ountAnts(CPAs)．
TherequirementsforobtAiningACPAcertificAtedif
erAmongthevAriousstAtes．Al
stAtesrequireAcol
egeeducAtioninAc
ounting,AndmoststAtesnowrequire150semester hoursofcol
egecredit．InAddition,AcAndidAtemustpAs
AtwoＧdAyexAminAtionprepAred bytheAmericAnInstituteofCertifiedPublicAc
ountAnts (AICPA)．Howdif
icultisthe CPAexAminAtion? ApproximAtely30％ ofthecAndidAtespAs
eAchofthefourpArtsofthe CPAexAminAtion．Only10％to20％ pAs
theentireexAminAtionAtonetime．
3．SpeciAlizedAc
ountingFields
You mAythinkthAtAl
Ac
ountingisthesAme．However,you wil
findseverAl speciAlizedfieldsofAc
ountinginprActice．ThetwomostcommonArefinAnciAlAc
ountingAnd mAnAgeriAl Ac
ounting． Other fields include cost Ac
ounting, environmentAl Ac
ounting,internAtionAlAc
ounting,notＧforＧprofitAc
ounting,AndsociAlAc
ounting．
FinAnciAlAc
ountingisprimArilyconcerned withtherecordingAndreportingof economicdAtAAndActivitiesforAnentity．AlthoughsuchreportsprovideusefulinformAtion formAnAgers,theyAretheprincipAlreportsforowners,creditors,governmentAlAgencies, Andthepublic．FinAnciAlAc
ountAntsfol
ow generAl
yAc
eptedAc
ountingprinciples (GAAP)inprepAringreportsforstockholdersAndtheinvestingpublic．Theseprinciples ensurethAtreportsfordif
erentcompAniescAnbecompAred．ForexAmple,theAbilityto compArefinAnciAlreportsises
entiAlforAninvestorwhoisdeciding whichcompAnyto invest．
MAnAgeriAlAc
ounting,oftencAl
ed mAnAgementAc
ounting,usesbothfinAnciAl Ac
ountingAndestimAteddAtAtothe mAnAgementinrunningdAyＧtoＧdAyoperAtionsAnd plAnningfutureoperAtions．MAnAgeriAlAc
ountingcAnprovidemAnAgerswithrelevAntAnd timelyinformAtionAndreports．UnlikefinAnciAlAc
ountAnts,mAnAgementAc
ountAntsAre notrestrictedto using generAl
yAc
epted Ac
ounting principles．InsteAd,mAnAgement Ac
ountAntsusethebAsicprincipleofgAtheringAndreportinginformAtionthAtisusefulto mAnAgement．Thus,mAnAgeriAlreportscAnwidelyof
erinformAtionAndcontent
MAnAgementAc
ountAntsAreoftenconcernedwithidentifyingAlternAtiveActio．nsAnd prepAringreportsofevAluAtingtheimpActofeAchAlternAtive．ForexAmple,thepresident ofAcompAnymightrequestAnAnAlysisofAlternAtiveplAnsforfinAncingtheconstructionof Anewof
icebuilding．
1. 3 Types of Accounting InformAtion
ThetermsfinAnciAlAc
ounting,mAnAgementAc
ountingAndtAxAc
ountingAreoften usedindescribingthre
typesofAc
ountinginformAtionthAtAre widelyusedinthe busines
community．
1)FinAnciAlAc
ounting
FinAnciAl Ac
ounting refers to informAtion describing the finAnciAl resources, obligAtionsAndActivitiesofAneconomicentity,eitherAnorgAnizAtionorAnindividuAl． Ac
ountAntsusethetermfinAnciAlpositiontodescribeAnentitysfinAnciAlresourcesAnd obligAtionsAtonepointintimeAndthetermresultsofoperAtionstodescribeitsfinAnciAl ActivitiesduringtheyeAr．FinAnciAlAc
ountinginformAtionAppeArsinfinAnciAlstAtements thAtAreintendedprimArilyforexternAluse,Although mAnAgementAc
ountingAlsouses themforcertAininternAldecisions．InfAct,finAnciAlAc
ountinginformAtionisusedforso mAnydif
erentpurposesthAtitisoftencAl
ed＂generAlpurpose＂Ac
ountinginformAtion．
2)MAnAgementAc
ounting
MAnAgementAc
ountinginvolvesthedevelopmentAndinterpretAtionofAc
ountinginformAtionwhichisforinternAluseAndprovidesspeciAlinformAtionforthemAnAgersofA compAny．TheinformAtionmAnAgersusemAyrAngefrombroAd,longＧrAngeplAnningdAtA todetAiledexplAnAtionsofwhyActuAlcostsvAriedfromcostsestimAtes．MuchmAnAgement Ac
ounting informAtion is finAnciAl in nAture, but often includes evAluAtions of＂nonfinAnciAl＂fActors,suchAspoliticAlAndenvironmentAlconsiderAtions,productquAlity, customersAtisfActionAndworkerproductivity．
3)TAxAc
ounting
TAxAc
ountingisAspeciAlizedfield whichinvolvestheprepArAtionofincometAx returns．ToAgreAtextent,tAxreturnsArebAsedonfinAnciAlAc
ountinginformAtion． However,theinformAtionisoftenAdjustedorreorgAnizedtoconform toincometAx reporting requirements．The most chAl
enging Aspect of tAx Ac
ounting is not the prepArAtionofAnincometAxreturn,buttAxplAnning．TAxplAnningmeAnsAnticipAtingthe tAxef
ectsofbusines
trAnsActionsAndstructuringthesetrAnsActionsinAmAnnerthAtwil
minimizetheincometAxburden．
1. 4 FinAnciAl Accounting MeAsurement BAses
1．MArketVAlue(FAirVAlue)
Thefol
igdfntosrpouernentoAlAinSAdrs(owneiiinierdcdfomItrAinlVAutotnAdIVS),
(2005)． rwhi
IVS1—
tVf
ionVltAuA
BiAssolAueMkAre
MArketvAlueistheestimAtedAmou
ntfo
chApropertyshouldexchAngeonthe el
erinAnArmenhtrAondAteofvAluAtionbetwe
nAwil
ingbuyerAndAwil
innthepArti
sＧl
tit
gsgeshAdeAchActedknowledgeAbly,prudently,And nsAc
AfterpropermArketingwhereiithoutcon．
ulsi
womp
Theterm propertyisusedbecAusethefocusofthesestAndArdsisthevAluAtionof property．BecAusethesestAndArdsencompAs
finAnciAlreporting,theterm As
etmAybe substitutedforgenerAlApplicAtionofthedefinition．
2．HistoricAlCost
TheeconomicActivitiesAndresourcesofAcompAnyinitiAl
yAre meAsuredbythe exchAngepriceofAtrAnsActionAtthetimethetrAnsActionoc
urs．UsuAl
ytheexchAnge prie(hehsoiAot)ieAndihonigreodstevleotni
ctitrclcssrtienteAc
utncrsAhAufAniemutl theitemisconsumed,sold,orliquidAtedAndremovedfromtherecords．HistoricAlcost providesevidencethAttheindependentbuyerAndsel
erwereinAgre
mentonthevAlueof AnexchAngedgoodorserviceAtthetimeofthetrAnsActionAndthushAsthequAlitiesof representAtionAlfAithfulnes
,neutrAlity,AndverifiAbility．
OneofthemostfrequentlyheArdcriticismsofAc
ountinginformAtionfromthosewho wouldpreferAlternAtivevAluAtion methods,isthAttheybelieveothermethodswould reportinformAtion morerelevAntforuserdecisions．Ac
ountAntsdounderstAndthAt historicAlcostinformAtionmAynotAlwAysbecompletelyrelevAntforAl
decisions,butit doeshAveAsignificAntdegre
ofreliAbility．IncertAincAses,Ac
ountAntsusevAluAtion methodsotherthAnhistoricAlcosttoreportthefAirvAlueofselecteditemsinthefinAnciAl stAtementswhenthose methodsprovide morerelevAntinformAtionAndpos
es
An Ac
eptAbledegre
ofreliAbility．
3．NetReAlizAbleVAlue
A methodofdeterminingthepresentvAlueofAtroubledAs
ettoitspresentowner mAybebAsedontheAs
umptionthAttheAs
etwil
beheldforAperiodoftimeAndsoldAt somefuturedAte．ThepresentvAlueincludesfutureeArningstheAs
etisexpectedto generAte,Andles
costofowning,holding,developing And operAtingtheAs
et．To compensAteforthesecosts,theAs
etsprojectedfuturenetcAshflowsArediscountedusingAfolhticroAehotoAiAtecsfpyniiednneet)
rmuAtAnoprtstecsfcptl(hotoAigdvdnsAditrs． NetreAlizAblevAlue(NRV),therefore,isbAsedonAformulAincorporAtingwhAttheAs
et musteArninordertopAyforitsshAreofthecostsofrunningthebusines
．NetreAlizAble vAlueisoneAc
ounting methodusedtocAlculAtethepresentvAlueofAnAs
etsuchAsA loAn,AtsomepointAftertheloAnhAsbecomepAstdueAndbookvAlueisnolongervAlid．
WithregArdstoinventory,netreAlizAblevAlueistheestimAtedsel
ingpriceinthe ordinArycourseofbusines
minusAnycosttocompleteAndtosel
thegoods．NetreAlizAble vAlueisoneoftheAmountsconsideredwhendeterminingthelowerofthecostormArket foritemsininventory．
4．Cur
entVAlue(PresentVAlue)
Cur
entvAlueisthevAlueonAgivendAteofAfuturepAymentorseriesoffuture pAyments,discountedtoreflectthetimevAlueof moneyAndotherfActorssuchAs investmentrisk．EAchfuturecAshflow mAybeAsingleAmountInthiscAse,theAmountis refer
edtoAsAnestimAtedcAshflow．Or,eAchfuturecAshflo．w mAyinvolveArAngeof pos
ibleAmounts．InthiscAse,A＂weightedAverAge＂AmountisdeterminedAndisrefer
ed toAsAnexpectedcAshflow．WhentheestimAtedcAshflowsAreusedtodeterminepresent vAlue,theyAresimilArtothoseusedtodeterminenetreAlizAblevAlue;thedif
erence betwe
nthetwoAlternAtivesisthAtunderthepresentvAlueApproAchthetimevAlueof
y(,it)i
monei．e． nteressconsidered． PresentvAluecAlculAtionsAre widelyusedinbusines
AndeconomicstoprovideA meAnstocompArecAshflowsAtdif
erenttimesonAmeAningful＂likeＧtoＧlike＂bAsis．
KeyPhrAsesAndSpeciAlTerms
Ac
ounting Ac
ountAnt n．會計,會計學 n．會計師,會計人員
trAnsAction n．交易,經濟業務
privAteAc
ountingpublicAc
ountingnotＧforＧprofitAgenciesfinAnciAlAc
ountingmAnAgementAc
ountingtAxAc
ountingfinAnciAlpositionresultsofoperAtionsbookke
ping understAndAbilitydecisionusefulnes
企業會計 公共會計 非營利性機構 財務會計 管理會計 稅務會計 財務狀況 經營成果 n．簿記 n．可理解性,明晰性 決策有用性
relevAnce n．相關性
reliAbility conservAtism n．可靠性 n．謹慎性
consistency mAteriAlity mArketvAlue n．一貫性 n．重要性 市場價值
historicAlcost 歷史成本
新書資訊